1. How to use CBD effectively
When it comes to consuming CBD oil, there are four main methods:
- Inhaling it by smoking or vaping it.
- Applying it to your skin topically.
- Taking it under the tongue (sublingual).
- Ingesting it using edibles.
We’ll break down each of these for you!
https://www.cbdcentral.com/how-to-take-cbd-oil/
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/your-brain-food/201812/how-use-thc-and-cbd-effectively
2. The Entourage-Effect
By taking cannabidiol (CBD) different regions of the body are addressed and harmonized, and enzyme systems can be positively influenced. This also explains the anti-inflammatory or analgesic effects. Unique to CBD products are the Entourage effect. The term "entourage effect" comes from cannabis research. It states that a vegetable substance mixture has a higher biological activity than the isolated pure substance itself. The hemp plant has a large number of phytocannabinoids and terpenes. This plays a decisive role in the so-called entourage or synergy effect. By combining different cannabinoids with terpenes, the optimized effect is achieved, whereby a supply of cannabidiol (CBD) in already moderate dosages, achieves outstanding health results. This increase in activity can already be achieved by obtaining certain plant substances, in particular terpenes and other phytocannabinoids. By the most natural intake of CBD (flower shape / cold pressed oils) the highest possible Entourage effect is aimed at Royal Canna.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entourage_effect
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6334252/
https://www.kalapa-clinic.com/en/entourage-effect-medical-cannabis/
3. What is the Endocannabinoid System
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a widespread neuromodulatory system that plays important roles in central nervous system (CNS) development, synaptic plasticity, and the response to endogenous and environmental insults. The ECS is comprised of cannabinoid receptors, endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids), and the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of the endocannabinoids. The most abundant cannabinoid receptor is the CB1 cannabinoid receptors, however CB2 cannabinoid receptors, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR’s) are also engaged by some cannabinoids. Exogenous cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol, produce their biological effects through their interactions with cannabinoid receptors. 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) and arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide) are the best-studied endogenous cannabinoids. Despite similarities in chemical structure, 2-AG and anandamide are synthesized and degraded by distinct enzymatic pathways, which impart fundamentally different physiological and pathophysiological roles to these two endocannabinoids. Because of the pervasive social use of cannabis and the involvement of endocannabinoids in a multitude of biological processes, much has been learned about the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the ECS. This review will provide an introduction to the ECS with an emphasis on its role in synaptic plasticity and how the ECS is perturbed in schizophrenia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system
https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-the-endocannabinoid-system-4171855
4. Cannabinoids
Cannabinoids are naturally occurring compounds found in the Cannabis sativa plant. Of over 480 different compounds present in the
plant, only around 66 are termed cannabinoids. The most well known among these compounds is the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), which is the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis. Cannabidiol (CBD) is another important component, which makes up about 40% of the
plant resin extract.
Classes of cannabinoids.
The cannabinoids are separated into the following subclasses:
- Cannabigerols (CBG)
- Cannabichromenes (CBC)
- Cannabidiol (CBD)
- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
- Cannabinol (CBN)
- Cannabinodiol (CBDL)
- Other cannabinoids including cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabielsoin (CBE) and cannabitriol (CBT)
https://www.fundacion-canna.es/en/cannabinoids
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/cannabinoids
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5938896/
https://www.medicinalgenomics.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Chemical-constituents-of-cannabis.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid#Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1
http://psych.lf1.cuni.cz/zf/Publikace/c4007.pdf
https://sydney.edu.au/lambert/medicinal-cannabis/phytocannabinoids.html
https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/qa/what-are-the-medical-benefits-of-cannabinoids
5. Flavonoids
What is Flavonoids?
Flavonoids are water soluble polyphenolic molecules
containing 15 carbon atoms. Flavonoids belong to the polyphenol family. Flavanoids can be visualized as two benzene rings which are joined together with a short three carbon chain. One of the
carbons of the short chain is always connected to a carbon of one of the benzene rings, either directly or through an oxygen bridge, thereby forming a third middle ring, which can be five or
six-membered. The flavonoids consist of 6 major subgroups: chalcone, flavone, flavonol, flavanone, anthocyanins and isoflavonoids. Together with carotenes, flavanoids are also responsible for the
coloring of fruits, vegetables and herbs. Flavonoids are found in most plant material.
The most important dietary sources are fruits, tea and soybean. Green and black tea contains about 25% percent flavonoids. Other important sources of flavonoids are apple (quercetin), citrus
fruits (rutin and hesperidin).
Health Benefits of Flavonoids
Flavonoids have antioxidant activity. Flavonoids are becoming very popular because they have many health promoting effects. Some of
the activities attributed to flavonoids include: anti-allergic, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral. The flavonoids quercetin is known for its ability to relieve hay fever,
eszema, sinusitis and asthma. Epidemiological studies have illustrated that heart diseases are inversely related to flavonoid intake. Studies have shown that flavonoids prevent the oxidation of
low-density lipoprotein thereby reducing the risk for the development of atherosclerosis. The contribution of flavonoids to the total antioxidant activity of components in food can be very high
because daily intake can vary between 50 to 500 mg. Red wine contains high levels of flavonoids, mainly quercetin and rutin. The high intake of red wine (and flavonoids) by the French might
explain why they suffer less from coronary heart disease then other Europeans, although their consumption of cholesterol rich foods is higher (French paradox). Many studies have confirmed that
one or two glasses of red wine daily can protect against heart disease. Tea flavonoids have many health benefits. Tea flavonoids reduce the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, lowers the blood
levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. Soy flavonoids (isoflavones) can also reduce blood cholesterol and can help to prevent osteoporis. Soy flavonoids are also used to ease menopausal
symptoms.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoid
https://www.livescience.com/52524-flavonoids.html
https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Flavonoids.aspx
https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/brewing-evidence-for-teas-heart-benefits
6. Terpenes
Pinene (pine): Pinene is the most common terpene in
the world, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It’s also found in orange peels, pine needles, basil, and parsley. It’s been known to counter short-term memory loss from THC, improve airflow to
your lungs, and promote alertness.
Myrcene (earthy, musky, fruity): Myrcene
can be found in mangoes, hops, thyme, lemongrass, and basil, and is the most commonly found terpene in cannabis. It can compose up to 50 percent of a cannabis plant’s terpenes. Myrcene has also
been shown to be useful as an anti-inflammatory, a sedative, and a muscle relaxer. Many indica strains have high levels of myrcene, which contribute to the tired/stoned feeling (if
higher than 0.5% myrcene in a strain, it creates the “couch-lock” feeling in users).
Limonene (citrus): Like its name
suggests, limonene smells like lemons, oranges, mandarins, limes, and grapefruits. It’s also — interestingly enough — probably found in your favourite cleaning products or perfumes because of
its’ citrusy scent. It’s been shown to elevate mood, relieve stress, and has anti-fungal and antibacterial properties to boot. It also improves absorption of other terpenes and chemicals through
the skin, which makes it great in strains that you use for tinctures, ointments, and other topicals.
Humulene (hoppy, earthy): Humulene is
found in hops, coriander, cloves, and basil. It’s best known for its anti-inflammatory properties and its ability to suppress appetite (while many other strains only increase
appetite).
Linalool (floral, spicy): Linalool is
found in flowers and spices like lavender and coriander, and is widely known for its stress-relieving, anti-inflammatory, and anti-depressant effects. The linalool terpene balances out the
anxious side effects of THC, which makes it a useful treatment of both anxiety and psychosis. Some studies also suggest that linalool can boost the immune system and significantly reduce lung
inflammation.
Caryophyllene (peppery, spicy): Caryophyllene is found in thai basils, cloves, cinnamon leaves and black pepper. Studies show that it can help treat anxiety, depression, and act as an anti-inflammatory, which
sounds like a big job to handle for one small terpene.
Terpinolene (smoky + woodsy): Terpinolene can be found in sage and rosemary, and has slightly sedative, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. It’s also been found to depress your central nervous system, and
therefore induce drowsiness and reduce excitement or anxiety.
https://www.cannainsider.com/reviews/cannabis-terpenes/
https://plantedu.com/what-are-cannabis-terpenes
7. History
Hemp has been cultivated on planet earth for over 10,000 years. It has been an important source of food and fibre with references dating back to ancient China and Mesopotamia. Applications of hemp plants evolved from simple rope and coarse woven fabric to paper and sail cloth.
https://tryplainjane.com/blogs/news/the-ancient-history-of-hemp
https://thegreenfund.com/the-history-of-hemp
https://www.royalqueenseeds.com/blog-a-brief-history-of-cannabis-use-in-world-religions-n624
https://hempworld.com/guides/hemp/
https://blisterreview.com/videos/patagonia-misunderstood-a-brief-history-of-hemp-in-the-us
https://www.prima.co/magazine/the-history-of-hemp
